Performance And Reward Management Commerce Essay

Performance And Reward Management Commerce Essay Performance management means measuring criteria for organizational progress helping to accomplish their set target and goals by taking suitable actions for the improvement of the company. Performance management system aims to achieve the following target: Enabling each employee to know what is actually been needed and what should be his role in achieving those targets. It helps to maintain an honest relationship between the employees. Enabling each individual employee to feel motivate at work and make him know about his valued contribution in the project. Enabling organization to reward the employees for his exceptional contribution to the company. Performance management system is being designed to successfully achieve the set objective as well as it also focus on helping the employees to understand what is being needed from them and how they could deliver it to the company. Three components of performance management system Initially setting up the required aim which is needed to be target and making the employees to clearly know what should be their contribution towards achieving the required target. Distinguishing between the areas where the performance is strong and the area where there is a need for improvement therefore suggesting ways to improve the service delivery action. Rewarding the employee with the best performance outcome. Relation between motivation and performance management Motivation refers to strengthening of internal activities which drives or boost the performance of man. There is a direct relationship between performances to motivation; if an employee is highly motivated then he/she is expected to perform better at job. Theories suggesting the following implementations are: Reinforcement theory of motivation this theory describes the effect of present behavior onto its future consequences, focusing on changing the employee behavior according to the surrounding situation through four types of operational conditioning: Positive reinforcement Motivating employees by the means by increasing wages, giving him bonus or either promoting him, all this reinforcement is being provided as a reward to the employee to repeat the desired behavior adapted by the employee at the workforce. Negative reinforcement Strengthening the employee behavior and raise it up the baseline attempt like avoidance or ignorance if the employee is not been working as he/she should be working. Extinction It is like not providing the employee neither with the positive reinforcement and nor with the negative reinforcement, if an employee is working then also he is not getting a thanks or a reward for his work. Punishment It is for decreasing the continuity of behavior which the employee is being following at the workplace. The reinforcement theory on the management side: Managers should be informing the employee about the things which they are doing wrong and shouldnt be repeated while directing them to the way which could help them to receive positive reinforcement. Managers should also understand it is important to reward employees for their performance because if the deserving candidate is not getting the reward then he/she may not be performing to the level previously used to. Equity theory of motivation supposing two employees worked equally at office but an employee A gets 20% percent increment while employee B gets 10 percent increment. Employee B is pleased with his performance because where other employees are getting only 6 % increment he got 10% but while comparing to A he will be rather disappointed therefore people compare their reward to the ratio of the reward what the other person is getting to the input applied. Therefore in such a case managers must be very careful while they are rewarding and provide each employee with a specified target to motivate them and even this removes the indifference attitude within the employees about others. (analytictech website) Four factors that need to be considered when managing performance It is very crucial to review employees performance level which includes their behavior they should be exhibiting in the company.Factors that are needed to take in consideration when managing performance are: Planning It means setting up the performance goal and expectation which is required to be followed by the employees in line to achieve the set target, involving employees in the planning action to make them understand what the organization is targeting and what should be their contribution in the achieving the target. Monitoring Projects and assignment are monitored continuously for consistently measuring the performance and then giving them with feedback about their actions which is needed by them to follow for achieving the target, this regularly checking method helps to meet the determined standard as pert the organization requirement. Developing Developing in the terms means increasing the performance capacity through giving them assignment, regular training session which helps the employees to introduce new skills and perform well. Rewarding Rewarding employees for their talent and contribution to the company procedure result in better effect on to the company performance. (US office for personnel management ) The relationship between performance management and reward Two purposes of reward within a performance management system In any organization the main purpose behind rewarding employees is to motivate them, retaining them to the company and reducing the turnover costing. Employees are the most important valuable possession of the company and it is very important to continuously encourage them for their contribution to the organization. These reward systems are mainly been introduced into the companys environment to give a recognition and encouragement to the committed employee of the company for his extraordinary performance in the company by this Staffs understand what they are expected to do. Contribute to effective performance and reward management in the workplace Components of a total reward system Rewarding system is being used as a tool by company owners to attract the talent they have been looking for their company and to retain the talent with company and from seeing the employees perspective rewards are the payback for their commitment and loyalty towards the company. Components of rewarding system are: Individual growth It includes with investing in people, learning opportunities through training programs and career opportunities through new job openings, promoting or handling oversees assignment project. Compelling future It is very critical component of the rewarding system including companys growth and success, its reputation and image in the market and in front of the employees, stakeholders, companys vision and values. Positive workplace This category includes leadership, commitment and thrust towards the company, working attitude towards his colleges and outside people, his communication inside the company and involvement of the employee. Total pay This category includes the performance criteria, recognizing the employee talent and giving him base pay, variable pay according to his work, providing the employee with additional benefits and pay for his performance in the company. This recognition gives a special entity of the employee in front of his colleges for his actions and performance in the task given to him. (schuster zingheim , 2012) Sources of data (1 of which should be external to the organisation) required by individuals involved in performance and reward management processes. Gathering performance information through quantity or sources helps to ensures that the objective is in line with the ongoing employees behavior and company is performing well. Types of information included are employees call record, sales report or the project deadline report while important information sources include getting feedback through others, personally observing the employee, and reviews on the employees. Getting data from feedback process involves with asking all the subordinate employees, manager about the employee any specified skill and while comparing that data to the final report submitted and based upon that judging the performance and rewarding process. Other data sources which are helpful in determining the performance chart are: past performance report, what are the current objectives of the organization and a standard documentation relating to the career goal. To be able to conduct and reflect upon a performance review and How to support good practice in performance and reward management Frequency, purpose and process of performance reviews Considering performance management review system for an oil spill company, there is an annual cycle system which combines together with the budgeting process and business planning process. It is a three stage process beginning annually in the month of January and ending in the same over a year cycle. Stage one: It is the initial phase starting in the month if January consisting of planning of work agreement, setting up occupational standard, meeting to the required competencies and assigning of the personal development planning in line with the organizational aim. Stage two: This second phase is being carried out throughout the financial year going in a form of regular ongoing process aiming at keeping the information and work agreement data up to date according to the changing environment in which the company is being operating. Regular meetings are put up to discuss on the progress setup of the company. Stage three: At the year ending each individual performance is being reviewed, judging their performance level and comparing the performance to the required level of performance needed for the task to get complete. Once the year get started it is mandatory to run all the three stages serially. Appropriate interviewing skills in order to gauge performance An interview describes the employees intake to the company which can also be taken as a place to measure the performance level of the employee whom the company is planning to take in. Here are some of the questions which demonstrate the performance level of the employee: what skills and special characteristics are up planning to bring in with the job Describe what are your duties and responsibility while performing a task at workforce. from previous event describe your creative work describe situation which describes you can work in a team describe what would be your action in time going through intense pressure and stress Are you prepared to make personal sacrifice for the sake of work related purpose. Effective use of feedback Timely and effective feedback managing system is essential and an important aspect for guarantying successful performance management, giving employees with proper feedback helps to improve their performance level and to timely correct themselves whenever they are falling apart from the required target, feedback helps to motivate them in the right sense to follow the proper path. SMART objectives for developmental purposes Following specific objectives are set to determine development Specifically or exactly illustrating what specific action needed to be followed. Measuring the performance to evaluate are the activities going in line with the determined objective. The set objective must be achievable with the required resources. Relating whether the set objective target is required to get the desired goal. Setting the time limit in which the given objective must be accomplished. Notes on the covered point Talking of my job in my day to day activity I am not dealing with performance management review but I found the task to be very challenging and a good performance review can change the company working and uplift its standard but there is only one requirement employee has to put his full effort. To conduct performance review I have done many researches regarding the subject and regarding this I have learned in the process that for a good performance review it is very important to know the person efforts which he is putting for the development of the company and being supportive, honest and reward person for his achievement helps to bring out what is best from him and if after that also person is not putting his effort than if providing positive feedback to them gives a motivational sound to them and even they can perform well, from the above experience I can comment performance management is not only for the past but it is for the future wellbeing of the company.

Beyond Romantic Ecocriticism: Toward Urbanatural Roosting Essay

One of S. T. Coleridge’s many passions was â€Å"the Science of Words, their use and abuse and the incalculable advantages attached to the habit of using them appropriately†¦ † (Aids to Reflection 7). This passion drove Coleridge to coin over 600 words, including â€Å"psychosomatic,† â€Å"romanticize,† â€Å"supersensuous,† and memorable phrases like â€Å"the willing suspension of disbelief. † (In fact, the new electronic edition of the Oxford English Dictionary lists Coleridge as #59 in the â€Å"Top 1000 sources for quotations,† only a few slots behind the Bible). He also coined the word â€Å"desynonymize† in the belief that clarity in language went hand in hand with clarity in thinking. The importance of words, and coining new ones where necessary, is precisely where Ashton Nichols begins his intriguing book. Nichols invents a word — â€Å"Urbanature† — in order forge a new understanding of our relationship to the natural world. This term (which, as Nichols helpfully points out, rhymes with â€Å"furniture†) â€Å"suggests that nature and urban life are not as distinct as human beings have long supposed †¦ ll human and nonhuman lives, as well as all animate and inanimate objects around those lives, are linked in a complex web of interdependent interrelatedness† (xiii). Likewise, Nichols refashions the term â€Å"roosting† to describe â€Å"a new way of living more self-consciously on the earth† by creating more temporary, environmentally sensitive homes in the surrounding environment (3). By engaging these terms, and examining their eighteenth and nineteenth century antecedents, Nichols hopes to renew our views of nature at a time of increasing peril for our urban, suburban, rural, and wild environments. Nichols interweaves several types of sources and methodologies in this project: Romantic and Victorian poetry and prose, the history of science, ecocriticism, and personal memoir. In taking an ecocritical approach to Romanticism, Nichols aligns his work with Jonathan Bate’s The Song of the Earth (2000); Kate Rigby’s Topographies of the Sacred: The Poetics of Place in European Romanticism (2004); and James McKusick’s Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology (2003). But besides conversing with these earlier studies, Nichols’ book features something unusual for a scholarly monograph: personal memoir -not just in the preface and afterword, which is more common — but interleaved in the chapters themselves, where–bit by bit–Nichols reconstructs a full year spent roosting in a rustic stone cabin and select urban spots. In both idea and text this interfusion (to use a Coleridgean coinage) levels the barriers between nature and culture, city and country, academic and personal. While Robert Macfarlane’s wonderful book Mountains of the Mind (2003) also alternates between an intellectual history and personal narrative, Nichols pushes even further by fusing these genres with a manifesto for environmental action. At the heart of this book is a reevaluation of the concept of nature, a project that began, according to Nichols, â€Å"not with the environmental revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, but with a new definition of ‘Nature’ first offered by Romantic writers in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries† (xvi). In Romantic Natural Histories: William Wordsworth, Charles Darwin and Others (2004) and a fascinating website called Romantic Natural History, Nichols has already displayed his admirable command of the period’s literature and science. In this new, deeply interdisciplinary book, he examines conceptions of nature in the poetry of Wordsworth, Shelley, Erasmus Darwin, Keats, and Tennyson; in the prose of Thoreau and Hardy; and in the science of wonder cabinets, natural history museums, and zoos. Nichols finds a precedent for â€Å"urbanature† in the science and poetry of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, which both relied upon metaphors. In science and poetry alike, he shows, â€Å"the mind makes metaphors from the nonhuman (‘natural’) world as often as it does from human (‘urban’) world† at a time when â€Å"poetry (in fact all art) and natural philosophy (in fact all science) were more closely linked than they often seem today† (10). He reminds us that when Coleridge was asked why he attended so many lectures of human physiology in London, he replied, â€Å"I attend Davy’s lectures to increase my stock of metaphors. For Nichols, â€Å"the poetic-scientist needs imagination buttressed by facts, or facts fired by imagination, to make new metaphors† (142). Nichols cites Stephen Hawking’s visualization of a black hole as a contemporary example of the poetic-scientist, and the double-helix shape of DNA arriving in a dream came to my mind as well. Nichols examines the legacy of Romantic poetry through an ecocritical lens, exploring the ways in which the Romantics represent the natural world. Ultimately, however, he aims to go â€Å"beyond Romantic Ecocriticism† because â€Å"one element of Romanticism has contributed to the problems that urbanature seeks to resolve† — namely, a view that â€Å"nature is somehow opposed to urbanity, the wild is what the city gets rid of, human culture is the enemy of nature† (xxi). The goal of urbanature is to remove these harmful divisions: A look at the legacy of Romantic natural history will move beyond the word â€Å"nature† as it has been employed since the Enlightenment — and beyond the nature versus culture split — toward the more inclusive idea of â€Å"urbanatural roosting. Finally, I will argue that Romantic ecocriticism should now give way to a more socially aware version of environmentalism, one less tightly linked to narrowly Western ideas about the self, the â€Å"Other,† and the relationship between human beings and the natural world. Urbanatural roosting says that, if all humans are linked to each other and to their surroundings, then those same humans have clear obligations to each other and to the world they share. (xvii) Moving beyond Romantic ecocriticism, Nichols seeks to dissolve entirely the opposition between â€Å"nature versus culture, the natural versus the artificial, man versus nature †¦ ne of the last great Western dualisms that needs to be bridged or dissolved† (203). For Nichols, these dualistic categories are â€Å"old lines of arbitrary separation† that prevent us from seeing both city and country as â€Å"locations equally worthy of human care and concern, all equally serving of the attention needed to sustain them† (200). Despite their anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism, the Romantics did succeed in envisioning a dynamic, vital force at work in both the human and natural worlds. In certain poems by Keats and Coleridge, Nichols posits that â€Å"one unified power causes all of these natural effects [of the wind, the bird, or the frost], but this power is nothing more than a series of physical processes contained in nature, what John Locke and others had called a ‘natural law'† (27). In Shelley’s â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† Nichols finds a similar merging of the human and natural in an â€Å"autumnal and naturalistic paradise† (124-5). But rather than finding transcendence in the oem, he writes: â€Å"I want to forget about Shelley’s sentimentality (â€Å"As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need†) and set aside his characteristic overstatement (â€Å"I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! â€Å") and think instead about precisely what he achieves in these justly famous lines of poetry. The wind here is not merely moving air; it represents the life force itself; the elan vital, the chi, a vital energy that pervades the universe† (125). For Nichols, this world is purely material: â€Å"the prophecy itself is nothing more complex that a simple truth of material nature: spring always follows winter†¦ Shelley produces a resurrection poem without any link to the supernatural. He offers a promise of natural power and organic efficacy without any reference to a world beyond the physical world, beyond the world I can see and hear and feel outside my window every day†¦. † (127). But can this naturalistic reading of the poem account for its wealth of secularized biblical imagery? For its references to prayer, the thorns of life, apocalyptic showers of black rain, fire, and hail, and most especially the prophetic stance in the concluding lines? These are, I think, spiritual and supernatural motifs that possibly engage a transcendent third category beyond nature and culture. Nevertheless, abandoning this idea of the transcendent may be the very first step necessary for realizing â€Å"urbanature. † Nichols highlights the inherent cultural bias that shapes our conceptions of nature: â€Å"what we observe when we observe nature,† he writes, â€Å"is not some Platonically pure nature in itself, but a nature that is always changing, always determined by specific circumstances, by my consciousness, and by precise conditions in each contextual instance† (188) . Our cultural context today is more variegated and includes a greater familiarity with atheistic, agnostic, and non-Christian spiritual traditions as well as wider gaps between science, literature and religion. Nichols is consistently forthright in his desire to refashion the term â€Å"nature† for our times. Towards the end of the book especially, the manifesto-like rhetoric gains strength: â€Å"Like ecocentrism, urbanatural roosting will not be so difficult. All it will require is that every one of us should think about, care about, and do something good about every place, every person, every creature, and everything that each of us can effect on planet earth† (206-7). Nichols calls for nothing less than a new ethic, an â€Å"ecoethic† that recognizes the intrinsic value of both animate and inanimate nature. Nichols has a gift for writing about the history of science: the best chapters in this book elucidate emotional responses to science in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. He sees pleasure â€Å"as a concept that links Romantic poetry to Romantic science in significant ways. Pleasure located in the nonhuman world, and pleasure taken by humans in the natural world, are concepts that comingle in a whole range of Romantic metaphors and writings: anthropocentric, ecocentric, and otherwise† (88). Nichols salutes the galvanizing force of wonder in Romantic science, a topic also brilliantly explored by Richard Holmes in The Age of Wonder (2008). â€Å"Zoos and other forms of live or dead animal displays,† writes, Nichols, â€Å"-as I have already suggested in my reflections on natural history museums — emerged out of precisely the combination of scientific curiosity and fascination with spectacle †¦ To see something new and amazing is often to learn something new, but the experience is also about being excited, titillated or amazed†¦ (153). But he also charts darker terrain. For colonizing scientists, he notes, â€Å"it was ethically acceptable to cage other creatures, even human creatures, as long as the knowledge thus gained could be codified or organized as part of the great encyclopedic project† (154). He gauges too the sheer volume of death implicit in Darwinian natural selection and the horror of deep time, necessitated by new geological and fossil evidence, that demonstrated â€Å"how insignificant human life — and all of human civilization -seemed in the face of the timeline required for these incremental biological changes to occur† (61). These are riveting pages. There is no question that Nichols has written a wondrous book, innovative in its merging of genres, richly veined with intellectual history, literary criticism, and a passionate vision for the future of environmentalism. I read it with great pleasure and wonder, and wrestled with the questions it presented for many days. Indeed, taken as a whole, the book resembles two metaphors Nichols draws from the history of science: Darwin’s famous â€Å"entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about† and all of its â€Å"endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful† (16) and wonder cabinets, a subject dear to my heart. In both the entangled bank and the curiosity cabinet, a sense of wonder leads to a deeper engagement with nature. Nichols’ best nature writing — including chronicles of intense I-thou encounters with a bobcat and dolphins — also resonate with wonder. Perhaps cultivating this sense of wonder is the Romantics’ greatest legacy for modern environmentalism, one that could help heal the divisions that imperil our world today.

The Little-Known Secrets to Isee Essay Topics

The Little-Known Secrets to Isee Essay Topics Isee Essay Topics The school will probably supply you with a word limit, which means you wish to select a topic that fits that word count. It's a superb idea to devote some time thinking of some individuals, events, or activities you might incorporate into various essay prompts. You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. You need to be able to communicate your nature and passion to your audience. There isn't a prompt to direct you, and that means you must ask yourself the questions that will get at the center of the story you would like to tell. Whenever you have focus, it can help you on what the following thing you will do. The most significant thing is to use each of the allotted moment. The writing sample of the SSAT is just one of the most overlooked sections as soon as it comes to test prep! As stated by the requirements, the range of writing is limited to two pre-lined pages and the writing ought to be completed in ink. Then, there's the format. Knowing the format of a normal prompt can help you defamiliarize yourself with the appropriate writing style, and provide you a more hands-on idea od the writing process which will be involved. The SSAT comprises multiple choice math questions but doesn't contain Quantitative Comparisons within this format. A strong outline is likely to make the writing process much simpler. This can help you ease in the procedure. Once you complete the test, the results page will supply you with thorough explanations for every one of the answers and plenty of information on every question's major concepts. We'll manage them, and for a sensible price, as we understand that students generally don't have plenty of money to spare. Queens College Summit Housing information are available here. CUNY Queens College doesn't have a rolling admission policy, and you'll need to make sure you get your application in before January 1. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. The 5-Minute Rule for Isee Essay Topics So when you have an essay assigned that you require help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. It is not really easy to compose a how-to essay. In fact, the essay is a little bit of an enigma. Although it is not graded, as we'll discuss below, it is still a critical part of the test. Thus far, we've talked about the principal characteristics of the essay section, alongside the types and examples and certain crucial recommendations for writing an effective essay. In reality, a great deal of argumentative essays are in reality persuasive papers. These aren't areas that the multiple-choice sections test you on, or so the essay is where you are able to present your stuff. The kind of essay questions are very different. You're able to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you will need to contact. Today, most college students find it difficult to compose an essay on a particular topic. Critical Differences When it has to do with choosing which test to take, there are two main issues to think about. While taking the test, you could possibly be tempted to finish a question as promptly as possible. The work done to prepare for a single test will absolutely aid a student on the opposite test. Which test is easier is an issue of opinion. The ISEE essay isn't scored, but it is going to automatically be sent to schools together with the remainder of your report. If math is your kid's strong point, on the opposite hand, then the ISEE may be better for her. It's essential to note that this is a rather recent changethe ISEE math section was revamped a couple of year s before, before which time it was much simpler. The ISEE test gives a normal evaluation of each applicant's skills together with ranking of abilities and achievements in contrast to other applicants. There's no established word count that schools start looking for. Your very first step is going to be to call the school you want to apply to and request their preference. For instance, you might opt to write about your experience on the center school math team. It'll be sent together with the remainder of your test to the schools to which you're applying.

Maslow s Humanistic Approach Theory - 1666 Words

Maslow’s Humanistic Approach theory was based solely on what motivates people to reach our highest potential. He believed that individuals have set motivation systems and individuals achieve a set of needs by passing these motivation systems. Maslow believed these stages were set in a hierarchal order and that the lowest system must be accomplished before moving up. He believed there to be eight stages in his hierarchy. He believed that every person is capable to move up the hierarchy as long as there basic needs are encountered and they have the desire to reach the highest potential. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualisation (NetMBA, 2002). The first stage of Maslow’s hierarchy†¦show more content†¦Until she meets a man that can provide this basic need in life, she will continue feeling lonely and will continue being desperate for this need. Sex can help boost your spirits through mood-elevating endo rphins. Without the benefit of these natural pick-me-ups, you might be prone to feeling low (Streicher, 2017). Even though she has dated men in the past, they have not met her needs in a man and therefore she has not been motivated to move up the hierarchy. Even when she thought she found a man that met her standards, she would still end up hurt and would fall down the hierarchy back to stage one. It is proven in the scenario that Ruth also likes her men intelligent, as she believes that if this individual is intelligent, they will understand her as an individual better and they will pursue and motivate her to reach the self-actualisation that she needs. When Ruth believed she found ‘the one’ and continued to chat online with him for hours upon hours, her basic need for sex was skipped until she met him in person as she believed that all of her other basic needs were already met. The next stage that Ruth had to undergo in this relationship were her safety needs. As she continued to talk to him online and did not have any sense of suspiciousness towards him not being whom he said he was, her safety needs towards him were encountered. They safety needs were also met when Ruth gave out her address for her new online chatter to send her gifts, as she believed that she wasShow MoreRelatedHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 Pages Humanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theoriesRead MoreEvaluate The Theory Of Motivation From Humanistic Perspective Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the theory of motivation from the Humanistic perspective. By Marialena Posteraro Throughout this paper evaluation of motivation from a Humanistic perspective will be examined. Motivation is the drive within humans that makes us act, it is a process that influences goal directed behavior. Drives are considered internal factors that push an organism into action. Throughout our lives, we have certain drives within us that motivate us to behave and act in a certain way to fulfill ourRead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an important role in the new era of positive psychology. 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According to Sengupta (2011), â€Å"Maslow defines growth as the continuous development of talents, capacities, creativity, wisdom and character, the various processes, which bringRead MoreOverview of Humanistic Psychology Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages Humanistic Psychology is a psychological perspective that highlights the study of a person in whole. These psychologist look at human behavior not just through the eyes of the viewer, but also through the eyes of the client that has the behavior. These psychologist believe that an individuals behavior is associated to his or her intimate feelings and their self image. Humanistic psychologist accepts human beings are not just a commodity of the environment. These psychologist study human meaningsRead MoreHumanistic Approach1074 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and analyzing the biological and humanistic approaches to personality can be a difference of opinions. Abraham Maslow studied the development of personality. 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He examinedRead MoreAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality1082 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study law. Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. At first, Abraham acceded to their wishes and enrolled in the

Sex Education, Why Should We Care - 1310 Words

Sex Education, Why Should We Care? It is incredible how the mere knowledge of something that is considered taboo by many can change someone ´s life. In his Health Education Research, Professor Lawrence St. Leger states that there seems to be a growing consensus claiming that schools can play an important role teaching the youth make informed decisions and help them shape a healthy lifestyle. That is why high schools are considered as the best environment to implement sex education programs within their syllabus to instruct teenagers not only about abstinence but also about a safer sex practice. Indeed, these types of programs have been included because of the increasing number of sexually-active teenagers, which are a matter of serious concern. Sex education helps teenagers to make better decisions – to either be abstinent or to practice a safer sex – allowing the prevention of unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted infections and having a great impact on the he alth of society. Debates about including sexual health education have taken place among society. Many people mistakenly relate sex instructions with motivating teenagers to have sexual intercourse. On the contrary, sexuality is not only based on the sexual behavior, but on a complete array of other topics, such as abstinence, human reproduction, pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual health. In fact, sex education is necessary because sexuality is an essential part of each person ´s identity.Show MoreRelatedThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pagesbe observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. 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Analysis of Hawk Roosting Free Essays

Analysis of â€Å"Hawk Roosting† Hawk Roosting is a poem written by Ted Hughes (1930-1998). Hughes was a British poet who often described the destructive aspects of animal life, survival instincts and the brutality of nature. His poem Hawk Roosting deals with the themes evil, power and human nature told from the point of view of a hawk. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Hawk Roosting or any similar topic only for you Order Now This poem therefore coheres with Hughes’ other work. In my analysis I will be focusing on a characterization of the first person and what this hawk symbolizes. I will also be mentioning the message of the poem and end the analysis with a contextualization, where I also will be answering and commenting on the two following questions; â€Å"Is man fundamentally evil or good or do we all posses both elements? † and â€Å"What triggers evil? What prevents it from surfacing? † I would like to start my analysis with a characterization of the main character and the symbol of that character. This poem is told in first person through the eyes of a hawk. We are not told directly in the text that it is a hawk but we know this partially because of the title of the poem â€Å"Hawk Roosting† and somewhat because of the description we are given of the main character (the I). We are informed in stanza 1 that the main character is sitting on the top of the wood[1], which could indicate a bird or a rodent (i. e. squirrel or chipmunk) of some sort. The main character also has a hooked head and feet, which still could insinuate both bird and rodent. The reader is however convinced that it is a bird by use of the sentence;†The air’s buoyancy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which tells us that it can fly thus it is a bird. If not for the title one could still assume it was a bird of prey as we are told that it kills[2]. Hughes uses the simple present tense to describe what the hawk is doing; â€Å"I sit, I kill†[3] with the effect that we understand that this is what the hawk does every day and that it is not an unordinary circumstance but a regular situation. A hawk is a bird of prey, a predator, a majestic bird and it is at the top of its food chain. It has the power â€Å"I kill where I please because it is all mine†[4], and it sees itself as perfect because it is the final product of evolution â€Å"It took the whole of creation to produce my foot, my each feather†[5]. The hawk is nature at its purest intent because there are no lies or arguments in this poem there is simply the truth about the nature of the hawk. Hughes points this out firstly by using the sentence â€Å"No falsifying dream†[6] and secondly by the sentence â€Å"There is no sophistry in my body†[7]. When people dream it is often of a consorted reality where anything can happen, because it is your imagination. A dream is often something you desire or can’t face in the real life, so one lives it through in a dream. A dream therefore consorts your reality or falsifies it. This Hawk does not dream of things that are not real. It only dreams about specific things that are a part of its reality. Sophistry is false reasoning intending to deceive. The hawk therefore only tells the truth and explains reality and how things are, no arguments just facts. The hawk knows what it is and is content with that. I believe that the hawk represents the truth behind human nature. How humans deep down are instinctive creatures and that there is a primitive evil in all of us. I believe this because the hawk is like us at the top of the food chain, the ultimate creation and it is driven by power. The only difference really is that the hawk is excused of committing evil deeds because it is its nature and it is therefore acceptable. Humans on the other hand have morals, ethics and a society which holds these norms in place and an act of evil is therefore unforgivable and non relatable. In stanza 6, line 2 the hawk also states that nothing has changed. I think this is referring to the true nature of humanity, which is to a certain extent evil, and how it has always been a part of the human kind and it will always be a part of us. Even though humanity has become better over time (e. the Middle Ages) it is only due to societies with norms, rules and values which without, one would quicker descend into evil. I believe the message of this poem is that the nature of humankind never changes and evil is a part of us, just waiting below the surface, where if pressured, we will show our true nature. I would like to end off my analysis with a contextualization and a comment to the mention ed questions. I thing this poem has a lot in common with the article â€Å"Bad or Mad†. In â€Å"Bad or Mad† it is discussed what defines evil where they distinguish between natural and moral evil. Moral evil is defined as the evil humans do, by hoice, knowing that they are doing wrong; and natural evil is the bad things that just happen such as natural catastrophes. I would like to widen the term natural evil to comprehend the evil acts of animals as well. The hawk is an animal and kills because it must to survive and it would therefore belong to the natural evil. However, the hawk is a symbol of the natural/instinctive evil that is in all mankind, which is harder to define. If man commits evil acts we see it as moral evil, because they have chosen to do so out of lust, fascination or even for fun in some cases. On some level the humans are exactly like the hawk. If you took away society and said every man/woman for themselves, you would have chaos and people would do whatever it took to survive. I have thereby already answered the question; â€Å"What triggers evil? What prevents it from surfacing? † I agree with Hughes’ opinion that we all have evil inside of us but it would be defined as natural evil or the will to survive which one would not necessarily depict as evil but simply the human nature. To point it out I believe that this so called evil is triggered if you are threatened or as a result of the fear of losing your life or a loved one etc. This answer is one side of it. Another thing that has been seen to trigger a certain level of evil is power. The hawk as mentioned also symbolizes exactly that. The Zimbardo experiment is an example of power taking over and of course the lack of a society with norms which I believe is one of the main reasons that why evil does not normally surface. In murder cases where the plaintive committed the act out of grief or rage (emotions) they are penalized less because most people can relate to it and you are not fundamentally evil as for a planned murder where you could get into a more black and white conversation about good and evil. As for the question; â€Å"Is man fundamentally evil or good or do we all posses both elements? † I have to some extent discussed this but I will lay it out further. I believe that everyone has the capacity to commit evil acts if they are pushed to their furthest limits and boundaries but I would not like to think of myself as a cynic and say that man is fundamentally evil. I believe that we posses both elements and that we are capable of both. I think that is one of the main differences when one talks about evil in for example animals and humans. The fact that we understand evil because we understand compassion, love and are capable of empathy whereas animals act on pure instinct. You can therefore not define evil or claim that something is evil if it does not have the capability of righteousness and goodness. Your language is very convuluted in places and sometimes thus also a bit difficult to follow see orange sentence. Do not use contractions. 12. ———————– [1] Stanza 1, line 1; â€Å"I sit in the top of the wood . . . â€Å" [2] Stanza 1, line 4;†Or in sleep rehearse perfect kills and eat† and stanza 3, line 2; â€Å"I kill where I please†. [3] Stanza 1, line 1; â€Å"I sit in the top of the wood† and stanza 4, line 2; â€Å"I kill where I please† [4] Stanza 4, line 2. [5] Stanza 3, line 2-3. [6] Stanza 1, line 2. [7] Stanza 4, line 3. How to cite Analysis of Hawk Roosting, Papers

Modernism vs Postmodernism Essay example Example For Students

Modernism vs Postmodernism Essay example It quickly emerged that the proper and unique area of competence of each art coincided with all that was unique to the nature of its medium. The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby each art would be rendered pure, and in its purify find the guarantee of its standards of quality as well as of its independence. Purity meant self-definition, and the enterprise of self-criticism in the arts became one of self-definition, with a vengeance. (Greenberg, Modernist Painting, Art in Theory, p.755) Greenbergs aesthetics are the terminal point of historical trajectory. There is another history of art, however, a history of representations for me, and some other erstwhile conceptualists, conceptual art opened onto that other history, a history which opens onto history. Art practice was no longer to be defined as an artisanal activity, a process of crafting fine objects in a given medium, it was rather to be seen as a set of operations performed in a field of signifying practices, perhaps centred on a medium but certainly not bounded by it. (Victor Burgin, The absence of presence, Art in Theory, pp. 1098-9) Discuss the merits of Burgins statement as a basis on which to distinguish postmodernism from Modernism in the practice of art. In your answer you should make reference to at least four works which you consider to be of particular relevance to an argument between these two positions. This question highlights one of the themes central to the account of modem art offered in this course: the tension between the theoretical perspectives of, on the one hand, Modernist criticism and, on the other, an approach focused on the relationship of the art of any given period to its social, political and historical context. The two quotations given above may be interpreted as representing these polarities. It would be an oversimplification to suggest that to accept a Modernist account of modem art must imply rejection of a socio-historical view, or vice-versa (the discussion between TJ Clark and Michael Fried about Pollock (TV21) suggests that there is room for negotiation, if not for compromise). It is, however, arguable that a definition of postmodernism should take into consideration both the close interrelationship between Modernist criticism and mid-twentieth century abstract art, which together constituted the dominant hegemony in art from the late 1940s to the early 1960 s (and hence the artistic context against which postmodernism in the visual arts evolved), and the social, historical and political context within which art characterised as postmodern has developed. It seems reasonable, therefore, to start by attempting to clarify the critical positions represented by Greenberg and Burgin. Greenberg, in Modernist Painting (1961) and other writings, sets the development of modem art, specifically painting, in the context of the ideas of the Enlightenment philosopher Kant, who used logic to establish the limits of logic (Art in Theory p.755.) Kant thereby established a precedent for using the techniques of a particular medium to define and refine that medium, a process referred to by Greenberg as self-criticism. This implies that painting, rather than using art to conceal art (ibid) by creating illusionistic space and depth, should rather use art to call attention to art (ibid), that is, to emphasise the unique characteristics of the medium; the flat surface, the shape of the support, the properties of pigment (ibid). Greenberg states that such a process would render art pure, that is, autonomous, free of any extraneous elements deriving from othe r arts, such as theatricality or narrative. The impact of a painting should thus derive from those technical aspects characteristic of painting, such as colour, form and composition. An example of the sort of painting Greenberg was advocating at the time may clarify this. Morris Louiss painting Alpha-Phi (pl.D10) is exactly contemporary with the publication of Modernist Painting. It consists of bold, ragged, diagonal streaks of pure colour against an off-white ground; Louiss use of acrylic paints, which soak into the canvas, means that the colours appear integrated with the ground and hence do not disrupt the flatness of the picture plane. Its effect depends upon the arrangement of colours and the large scale of the painting which makes it occupy so much of ones visual field that it loses its character as a discrete tactile object and thereby become that much more purely a picture, a strictly visual entity (Greenberg, Louis and Noland, p.28). It is apparently devoid of references to anything other than the intrinsic qualities of forms and colours. Louiss painting, and the contemporary work of Kenneth Noland (e.g. Bloom, pl 141) and Jules Olitski (e.g. (Twice) Disarmed pl.D11) were seen by Greenberg as being how paintings should look if they are to continue the intelligible continuity of taste and tradition (Art in Theory p.760) and offer the viewer a sufficient degree of aesthetic power (Modernism in Dispute p. 173) in the 1960s. Fredric Jameson - Postmodernism EssayWhile Burgins statement does not emphasise these points, they are illustrated by his own work. What does Possession mean to you (pl. 189) uses a glossy advertising-style photograph which is placed in the context of a caption about the ownership of wealth to put a different, socio-political perspective on the image, calling into question issues of gender dominance and property ownership and thus critiquing social norms. It was exhibited not as a single artwork in a gallery, but in a set of 500 copies posted in the streets of the centre of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The replication of the image and its display on the streets can be seen as critical both of the idea of the importance of orginality and of the exhibitions and museums system. A decoupling of art from the established methods of presenting it to the public seems to be characteristic of postmodernism, and is also exemplified by developments such as the Land Art of Richard Long and Robert Smith son, and the public projections of Krystof Wodiczko. These images, for instance his projection of hands holding prison bars onto a courthouse (pl.D71), function, like Burgins poster, as socio-political commentary and also share with it the ephemeral quality mentioned in relation to Koons. Work by Burgin such as Any moment previous to the present moment (pl.169), which consists of text from which the viewer/reader has to construct his/her own image, highlights both Burgins view of the importance of concepts in postmodernist art, and the tendency within postmodernist art to invite the viewer to sustained active participation in the work of art. This is in direct opposition to the passive contemplation advocated by Modernist critics such as Fried who, in Art and Objecthood, claims that good art should be instantaneously present. This idea of the importance of presentness is contradicted by the title of Burgins article, The absence of presence. Taking Burgins statement as a point of departure, it is possible to connect postmodern ideas to a diverse range of works of art, which are in turn associated with a series of contemporary concepts and concerns. While Burgin provides a means of distinguishing postmodernism from Modernism in art, there remains the problem of how to, or indeed whether, one ought to distinguish qualitatively between different postmodernist works. If social relevance is a characteristic of postmodernism, then degree or accuracy of social relevance may be used as an evaluative tool; however, as Harrison and Wood have pointed out (see Modernism in Dispute, p.240) radically critical work may become marginalised and lose its ability to challenge. Furthermore, if the main impact of a work depends on its contemporary relevance, it is likely to lose conceptual value with the passage of time; Haackes The Safety Net (pl.D24) borrows its meaning from contemporary politics rather than conforming with Greenbergs idea of art as self-defining, and is hence now arguably of historic rather than artistic interest. The aesthetic of Greenbergian Modernism may never recover a dominant position within art history but, as Harrison and Wood have suggested, the contingency of the historical is only half the point of art. Bibliography Wood, Frascina, Harris, Harrison, Modernism in Dispute: Art since the Forties, Chapters 2 and 3, and associated A316 materials. Harrison Wood (eds), Art in Theory, 1900 1990: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, Blackwell, 1994 Frascina Harris (eds), Art in Modern Culture: An anthology of critical texts, Phaidon, 1992 OBrian (ed), Clement Greenberg: The Collected Essays and Criticism, Volumes 2 3, University of Chicago Press, 1986, 1993